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Draft Multiprotocol ISDN Feb. 1993
INTERNET DRAFT
Expires: August 16, 1993
The Transmission of Multi-protocol Datagrams
over Circuit-mode ISDN
Keith Sklower
Computer Science Department
University of California, Berkeley
1. Status of This Memo
This document is an Internet Draft. Internet Drafts are
working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF), its Areas, and its Working Groups. Note that other
groups may also distribute working documents as Internet
Drafts.
Internet Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of
six months. Internet Drafts may be updated, replaced, or
obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is not appro-
priate to use Internet Drafts as reference material or to
cite them other than as a ``working draft'' or ``work in
progress.''
Please check the 1id-abstracts.txt listing contained in the
internet-drafts Shadow Directories on nic.ddn.mil,
nnsc.nsf.net, nic.nordu.net, ftp.nisc.sri.com, or
munnari.oz.au to learn the current status of any Internet
Draft.
2. Abstract
This document describes means for transmitting Internet Pro-
tocols across public data networks using circuit-mode ISDN.
It describes compatible alternatives, discusses the relative
merits of each and provides methods for discrimination
between them. The intention is to capture in a slightly
more formal way the level of consensus reached at the 24th
and 25th IETF meetings.
3. Acknowledgements
The author specifically wishes to thank Clifford Frost and
William Jolitz for many extensive discussions on the sub-
ject, and more generally the IP over Large Public Data
Sklower [Page 1]
Draft Multiprotocol ISDN Feb. 1993
Networks working group, whose deliberations this memo is
supposed to reflect. Extensive references are made to ear-
lier work by Leifer et al. [1], and Murakami et al. [2].
4. Conventions
The following language conventions are used in the items of
specification in this document:
o Must, Shall or Mandatory -- the item is an absolute
requirement of the specification.
o Should or Recommended -- the item should generally be
followed for all but exceptional circumstances.
o May or Optional -- the item is truly optional and may
be followed or ignored according to the needs of the
implementor.
5. Introduction
The advent of Circuit-mode ISDN has provided the possibility
of much higher rates of information exchange than previously
possible over modems and voice-grade lines. We anticipate
the use of this technology to encourage ``tele-commuting''
(making it more possible for people to work effectively at
home), and to reduce the cost of data communications in
businesses having geographically dispersed sites. Other
applications, such as multi-media conferencing, are much
more economically feasible than before. The contribution by
Murakami also cites the use of ISDN to acquire additional
bandwidth for handling excess traffic in parallel with
leased lines, and more generally back-up of a failed leased
line.
Given the newness of the technology, the diversity of its
applications, and its wide availability, it is not surpris-
ing that a number of incompatible link level protocols are
coming into use for the transmission of data over ISDN
links. Examples are the use of SLIP [3] and PPP [4,5] over
asynchronous terminal adapters using V.120 [6], PPP over
synchronous terminal adapters using V.120 or directly over
the B channel via native ISDN interfaces, and both the Mul-
tiprotocol Encapsulation over X.25 [7], or Mutltiprocol
Encapsulation over Frame Relay [8] directly on the B chan-
nel. There are even other examples cited in Murakami's
paper.
In this paper we recommend a primary choice of encapsulation
- -- that described in RFC 1294. We also suggest two accept-
able alternatives for specific situations: PPP and X.25.
Sklower [Page 2]
Draft Multiprotocol ISDN Feb. 1993
The contribution by Murakami suggests using out-of-band sig-
naling for negotiating the link-layer protocol and other
configuration parameters using ISDN Information Elements
such as UUI and BC. It is the experience of the members of
the IPLPDN that ISDN implementation are as yet so diverse,
the deployment of Switching System 7 so limited, and sub-
scription policies by the regional providers so different,
that user cannot depend on having these information elements
passed end-to-end. The likeliest element to be passed end-
to-end is LLC; this memo proposes a method for chosing the
link-layer protocol based on this element when available.
Where it is not available, an algorithm is proposed for
``negotiating'' the protocol by in-band exchange of data.
Other configuration parameters can be negotiated in band
using PPP, even for the Frame Relay and X.25 cases, as
described in PNMI[9].
6. Principal Recommendations
6.1. RFC 1294
6.1.1. Specific Encoding
RFC 1294 specifies the transmission of datagrams in a format
according to Q.922. As this is an HDLC framing, it is com-
pletely suitable for use on an ISDN B channel.
The RFC does not describe how the Q.922 header is generated;
it was assumed that a genuine frame relay would provide it
as a normal consequence of its operation. All other details
of the encapsulation were completely specified by this RFC.
In fact, it is possible to employ ISDN to gain access to a
Frame Relay, and when doing so packets received from it will
contain a valid DLCI. Obviously, a system communicating
with a frame relay must set the DLCI's appropriately.
When transmitting datagrams across an ISDN B-channel using
this format between systems which are not Frame Relays, such
systems MUST provide a valid DLCI header. As such, the low-
est order bit of the first byte transmitted MUST be zero.
The DLCI may be configured by prior agreement to any accept-
able value. A default DLCI value of 16 is consistent with
current ANSI recommendations (T1.617), however at some
future time when frame relay service is offered over the D
channel, the default DLCI value should be 512 (T1.618).
6.1.2. Advantages of Frame Relay Encapsulation
Proponents for this method have claimed that RFC 1294 encap-
sulation is very simple to implement; in fact it is possible
to prepend a fixed header to all datagrams sent, and
Sklower [Page 3]
Draft Multiprotocol ISDN Feb. 1993
completely ignore the first few bytes of any datagram
received.
When systems have been compatibly preconfigured, no further
state must be maintained on a per B-channel basis. This is
clearly of concern for circumstances like multiple primary
rate interfaces coming into a single router, thus poten-
tially supporting hundreds of B-Channels.
Furthermore, it is possible to start transmitting data as
soon as the circuit has been established, thereby reducing
latency. PPP and X.25, by contrast require an exchange of
packets to declare the link up.
6.2. PPP
The proponents for PPP argue that it is widely implemented,
and constructed in such a way to force interoperability.
The details of the protocol are completely specified by
RFC's 1331 and 1332, and are also applicable to any situa-
tion where synchronous transmission of data is possible.
They argue that any commercial router one procures is likely
already to have code supporting PPP, and it is flexible
enough to adapt to all the situations cited as applications
in this memo.
6.3. RFC 1356/B-Channel X.25
Systems supporting exchanging information according to OSI
conventions are required to support X.25 over the B-channel,
and RFC 1356 provides means for conveying Internet Protocols
in this situation.
7. In-Band Link Protocol Negotiation
The algorithm is that the caller starts transmitting data or
negotiation according to his preferred encapsulation, and
the callee just figures out what is desired by inspection of
the first correctly framed HDLC packet. If either the
caller or callee insists on doing PPP or X.25 it will be
impossible to shut them up.
7.1. Caller's Algorithm
A system wishing to exchange information using RFC-1294
encapsulation MUST transmit some packet with a valid two-
byte DLCI. The calling system MAY transmit protocol data
immediately, given suitable preconfiguration. The calling
system MAY also initiate parameter negotiation according to
PNMI, using the RFC-1294 encapsulation.
A system wishing to exchange information using PPP will
issue an LCP packet in native PPP format, according to the
Sklower [Page 4]
Draft Multiprotocol ISDN Feb. 1993
requirements of RFC 1331; i.e. the first byte will be 0xff,
and the second byte will be 0x3, etc.
A system wishing to use X.25 will issue a SABM with an
address of station A, according to the OSI implementors
agreement [10].
7.2. Callee's Algorithm
The called system will wait until it has received a cor-
rectly framed and checksummed HDLC packet and inspect the
very first byte. PPP requires that the station address be
all ones (0xff). Conventional X.25 HDLC requires a station
address of either 1 or 3. The 2,3 or 4 byte DLCI Q.922 for-
mats all require that the low order bit of the first byte to
be zero. Thus, it is possible for a called system support-
ing all three methods to unambiguously determine which
encapsulation is desired and respond in the appropriate man-
ner.
8. Out of Band Signaling
{Warning - Meta paragraph. At the last IETF meeting, it was
agreed that somebody would approach ANSI for obtaining a
code point for the LLC-IE byte 7 "user information layer 3
protocol" that would indicate PPP. I probably have botched
this section but I'm going to include it to make it easier
for whoever edits this next}.
8.1. Caller's Requirements
In cases where the LLC information element is available and
can be transmitted to be relied on end to end, and the sys-
tem wishes to communicate using the RFC-1294 encapsulation,
a system MUST encode the LLC-IE in the following way in his
setup message:
Sklower [Page 5]
Draft Multiprotocol ISDN Feb. 1993
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
- -----------------------------------------------------------
0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 Low Layer Compatibility Octet 1
- -----------------------------------------------------------
.
.
.
- -----------------------------------------------------------
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 Octet 6
ext layer 2 ident Core Aspects of Q.922 (Frame Relay)
- -or-
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 Octet 6
ext layer 2 ident Full Q.922 (LAPF)
- -----------------------------------------------------------
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 Octet 7
ext layer 3 ident ISO/IEC TR 9577 (Protocol Identifi-
cation in the Network Layer)
- -----------------------------------------------------------
In cases where the system wishes to exchange information
using RFC-1356/X.25 PLP/LAPB a system MUST encode the LLC-IE
in the following way in his setup message:
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
- -----------------------------------------------------------
0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 Low Layer Compatibility Octet 1
- -----------------------------------------------------------
.
.
.
- -----------------------------------------------------------
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 Octet 6
ext layer 2 ident CCITT Recommendation X.25 link level
- -----------------------------------------------------------
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 Octet 7
ext layer 3 ident CCITT Recommendation X.25 packet level
- -----------------------------------------------------------
8.2. Callee's Algorithm
If the LLC-IE exactly matches that generated by the caller's
algorithm, the system SHOULD proceed according to the encap-
sulations spelled out here. The callee MAY inspect the
first correctly framed HDLC packet to see that it matches
the encapsulation scheme described.
If the LLC-IE contains other values, the system SHOULD pro-
ceed according to the ``wait-and-see'' algorithm described
Sklower [Page 6]
Draft Multiprotocol ISDN Feb. 1993
above. However, system MAY refuse the connection, or the
system MAY make the following inferences: If the User infor-
mation layer 3 protocol is 0 1 0 0 0 (ISO 8348 Connection
oriented network service), the system MAY assume that
RFC-1356/X.25 operation is requested. If the User informa-
tion layer 3 protocol is 0 1 0 0 1 the system MAY assume
that only ISO 8473 packets will be routed, (just as if an
X.25 call had been placed with a CUD of 81).
A system MAY also assume that octet 7 with a value of
0 1 1 1 0 indicates a desire to encapsulate according to
RFC-1294.
9. Addressing Stated Requirements of Earlier Work
9.1. Leifer et al
A goal of this proposal was to be able to use bandwidth on
demand, and obtain the advantage of using multiple B chan-
nels for transmitting traffic between two hosts.
There are a number of possible ways of doing this which will
be discussed at length in a separate draft. For purposes of
illustration, we will summarize the methods discussed at the
November, 1992 IETF: Almost all the methods require some
means of identifying which channels are to be aggregated,
which could be done by the methods discussed in PNMI, or
potentially by use of the calling party information element.
(1) Use the bank-teller's algorithm: assign a complete
packet to whatever channel is next free.
(2) Employ ISO 7776[11] multilink procedure. (This is
being pursued by the PPP working group).
(3) Adapt the fragmentation and reassembly scheme for
RFC-1294 for bridged packets, regarding the fragment
identifier as applying to all packets from a given
peer rather than from a given PVC.
(4) Rely on hardware and packet switching facilities that
combine multiple B-channels into a single (HDLC) bit
stream, such as the BONDING proposal currently being
discussed by ANSI T1.
9.2. Murakami et al
A major concern of this paper was the use of out-of-band
signaling to negotiate compatible configuration parameters.
It is the contention of this author that any parameter need-
ing to be negotiated in this scheme should be able to be
done so by PNMI, and if it can't then PPP should be extended
to negotiate that parameter.
Sklower [Page 7]
Draft Multiprotocol ISDN Feb. 1993
10. References
[1] Leifer, D., Sheldon, S., and Gorsline B., "A Subnetwork
Control Protocol for ISDN Circuit-Switching" IPLPDN
Working Group, Internet Draft (Expired), March 1991.
[2] Muramaki, K., and Sugawara, T., "A Negotiation Protocol
for Mutliple Link-Protocol over ISDN Circuit Switch-
ing", IPLPDN Working Group, Committee Document, May
1992.
[3] Romkey, J.L., "A Nonstandard for Transmission of IP
Datagrams over Serial Lines: SLIP." Network Working
Group, RFC-1055, June 1988.
[4] Simpson, W., "The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) for the
Transmission of Multi-protocol Datagrams over Point-to-
Point Links", Network Working Group, RFC-1331, May
1992.
[5] McGregor, G., "The PPP Internet Protocol Control Proto-
col (IPCP)" Network Working Group, RFC-1332, May 1992.
[6] CCITT, "Recommendation V.120: Data Communications over
the Telephone Network" Blue Book, ITU 1988
[7] Malis, A., Robinson, D., Ullman R., "Multiprotocol
Interconnect on X.25 and ISDN in the Packet Mode", Net-
work Working Group, RFC-1356, August 1992.
[8] Bradley, T., Brown, C., and Malis, A., "Multiprotocol
Interconnect over Frame Relay", Network Working Group,
RFC-1294, January 1992.
[9] Sklower, K. and Frost, C. "Parameter Negotiation for
the Multiprotocol Interconnect" IPLPDN Working Group,
Committee Document, November 1992.
[10] Boland, F., editor, "Stable Implementation Agreements
for Open Systems Interconnection Protocols: Version 2
Edition 1", NIST Workshop for Implementors of OSI,
NIST, February 1989.
[11] Internation Organisation for Standardization, "HDLC -
Description of the X.25 LAPB-Compatible DTE Data Link
Procedures", Internation Standard 7776, 1988
11. Author's Address
Keith Sklower
Computer Science Department
570 Evans Hall
University of California
Sklower [Page 8]
Draft Multiprotocol ISDN Feb. 1993
Berkeley, CA 94720
Phone: (510) 642-9587
Email: sklower@cs.Berkeley.EDU
12. Expiration Date of this Draft
August 16, 1993
Sklower [Page 9]
------- End of Forwarded Message